From JIADAR@delphi.com Fri Dec 31 00:47:21 1993
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From: Ross Martin Andrew Capdeville <JIADAR@delphi.com>
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Subject: Re: Programming
Date: Tue, 28 DEC 93 23:49:13 EST
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Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 1.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

Program: 931228-0134.mls Sprite!
Description: ML conversion of basic program. Demonstration
             of sprite creation and movement.

*= $c000
o:.s

Instructions to the asembler. The start address will be
$c000, we want to poke data to memory and display to the
screen.

v = 53248

Set the variable (label) V to the starting address of the
VIC chip, 53248. We can use this as an offset to access VIC
regesters.

print = $ffd2
strout = $ab1e

Define two more variables, these are kernal routines to
print a character and string.

lda #5:jsr print:lda #6:sta 53280:sta 53281:ldx #64

This sets the color to white, backround and border colors to
light blue, and puts 64 in .x. .X will be the index to read
in the sprite data.

loop lda data,x:sta 832,x:dex:bne loop

This simply puts the sprite data into block 13 of sprite
memory in bank 1. It is sorta like a backwards (step-1) for
next loop in basic, sorta...

lda #255:sta x:lda #200:sta y

Here we set the default values for the X and Y variables. Do
not confuse these with the regesters. These variables will
be used to hold the position of the sprite.

lda #4:sta v+21 ; set the sprite enable regester to enable
                ; sprite 2
lda #1:sta v+41 ; color sprite 2 white
lda x:sta v+4   ; position x     
lda y:sta v+5   ; position y
lda #13:sta 2042; data block 13
lda #0:sta 53264; zero MSB of X   
lda #1:sta i    ; not needed

The above code just sets the VIC regesters and displays the
sprite at x,y from data block 13.     



Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 2.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

lda #<txt:ldy #>txt:jsr strout

This prints some text on the screen. When we run into this
text with the sprite, the program will end.

rj lda 56320:and #15:sta j

This reads the joystick. It is like j=peek(56320)and15 in
basic. We will get the following values:

                         14            
                      10     6                   
                    11   15    7                 
                       9     5                             
                         13            

We put the value recieved into the variable J.

lda 56320:and #16:bne ctu1:rts

We check if the fire button is pressed. This is like the
basic if(peek(56320)and16)=0thenend. We use the BNE
instruction because if it is TRUE the fire button is NOT
pressed. 

ctu1 lda 53279:lda j:ldy y:ldx x

First we latch 53279 to reset the collision detect. Then we
load the variable J into the .a regester, y into .y, and x
into .x. Now we can directly access the varibles through the
regesters.

lda j:cmp #14:bne ctu2:dey:jmp chadr          ; up        
ctu2 lda j:cmp #13:bne ctu3:iny:jmp chadr     ; down
ctu3 lda j:cmp #11:bne ctu4:dex:jmp chadr     ; left
ctu4 lda j:cmp #7:bne ctu5:inx:jmp chadr      ; right
ctu5 lda j:cmp #10:bne ctu6:dex:dey:jmp chadr ; up-left
ctu6 lda j:cmp #6:bne ctu7:dey:inx:jmp chadr  ; up-right
ctu7 lda j:cmp #5:bne ctu8:inx:iny:jmp chadr  ; down-right
ctu8 lda j:cmp #9:bne ctu9:dex:iny:jmp chadr  ; down-left
ctu9 jmp chadr

This block of code increments regesters according to the
variable J. This is like basic - if j=xx then do this. If
not it is ignored. All in all, we end up at CHADR.

chadr jsr delay:jmp ruda

We jsr to a delay subroutine so we can actually SEE the
sprite on the screen, and then we jump to RUDA.





Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 3.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

lda 53264:and #4:beq nl
lda #0:sta 53264:ldx #255:jmp ruda
nl lda 53264:ora #4:sta 53264:ldx #0

This code was sopose to check for the LINE and deal with the
MSB X regester, but I could not figure out how to do it. If
you know how, help me!

ruda lda 53279:and #4:beq rdt:rts

Here we check the sprite to data collision regester, and if
it is true (you touch **STOP** with the sprite) then we end
the program.

rdt stx x:sty y:stx v+4:sty v+5:jmp rj

We update the X and Y variables and actually move the
sprite. Then we go back to RJ (read-joystick) to do it all
over again.

rts

I just have this here so it does not crash if I forgot it.

delay sty y:pha:tya:pha:ldy #0
lop1 dey:sty v+41:bne lop1
pla:tay:pla:ldy #1:sta v+41:ldy y:rts

Simple longated delay subroutine which attempts to save the
variables. 

i .byte 1
x .byte 0
y .byte 0
j .byte 0
txt .byte 147:.byte "**stop**":.byte 0

Variables used in the program. 'I' is not used but the
others are.

data .byte 255 128 0 255 0 0
byte 254 0 0 252 0 0
byte 252 0 0 254 0 0
byte 231 0 0 195 128 0
byte 129 192 0 0 224 0
byte 0 112 0 0 48 0
byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
byte 0 0 0 0 0 0




Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 4.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

The data for the sprite.

end

We tell the asembler to stop assembling.


Here is the complete listing for easier typing in via an
assembler such as RLASS (avaliable from me).



10 *= $c000
20 .o:.s
30 v = 53248
40 print = $ffd2
50 strout = $ab1e
100 lda #5:jsr print:lda #6:sta 53280:sta 53281:ldx #64
110 loop lda data,x:sta 832,x:dex:bne loop
120 lda #255:sta x:lda #200:sta y
130 lda #4:sta v+21
140 lda #1:sta v+41
150 lda x:sta v+4
160 lda y:sta v+5
170 lda #13:sta 2042
180 lda #0:sta 53264
190 lda #1:sta i
200 lda #<txt:ldy #>txt:jsr strout
210 rj lda 56320:and #15:sta j
220 lda 56320:and #16:bne ctu1:rts
230 ctu1 lda 53279:lda j:ldy y:ldx x
240 lda j:cmp #14:bne ctu2:dey:jmp chadr
250 ctu2 lda j:cmp #13:bne ctu3:iny:jmp chadr
260 ctu3 lda j:cmp #11:bne ctu4:dex:jmp chadr
270 ctu4 lda j:cmp #7:bne ctu5:inx:jmp chadr
280 ctu5 lda j:cmp #10:bne ctu6:dex:dey:jmp chadr
290 ctu6 lda j:cmp #6:bne ctu7:dey:inx:jmp chadr
300 ctu7 lda j:cmp #5:bne ctu8:inx:iny:jmp chadr
310 ctu8 lda j:cmp #9:bne ctu9:dex:iny:jmp chadr
320 ctu9 jmp chadr
330 chadr jsr delay:jmp ruda
340 lda 53264:and #4:beq nl
350 lda #0:sta 53264:ldx #255:jmp ruda
360 nl lda 53264:ora #4:sta 53264:ldx #0
370 ruda lda 53279:and #4:beq rdt:rts
380 rdt stx x:sty y:stx v+4:sty v+5:jmp rj
39999 rts
40000 delay sty y:pha:tya:pha:ldy #0
40010 lop1 dey:sty v+41:bne lop1
40020 pla:tay:pla:ldy #1:sta v+41:ldy y:rts





Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 5.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

49999 rts
50000 i .byte 1
50010 x .byte 0
50020 y .byte 0
50030 j .byte 0
55000 txt .byte 147:.byte "**stop**":.byte 0
60000 data .byte 255 128 0 255 0 0
60010 .byte 254 0 0 252 0 0
60020 .byte 252 0 0 254 0 0
60030 .byte 231 0 0 195 128 0
60040 .byte 129 192 0 0 224 0
60050 .byte 0 112 0 0 48 0
60060 .byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
60070 .byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
60080 .byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
60090 .byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
60100 .byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
63999 .end
ready.

And if you do not have an assembler, here is a listing of a
BASIC loader which loads the ML from data statements. You
can type this in directly in BASIC. BE VERY CAREFUL and
watch out for errors. There are 365 data items to type in!

0 rem sprite! by ratastic
1 rem 931228-0134.mls
2 rem sprite - joystick mover
10 forx=49152to49517:ready:pokex,y:next
20 print"finished...[down 9]":print"sys49152 to start"
30 poke 49417,0 :rem speed 1 is fastest 0 is slowest 255 is
                 slow, 5 is fast exc
60000 data 169, 5, 32, 210, 255, 169
60001 data 6, 141, 32, 208, 141, 33
60002 data 208, 162, 64, 189, 43, 193
60003 data 157, 64, 3, 202, 208, 247
60004 data 169, 255, 141, 30, 193, 169
60005 data 200, 141, 31, 193, 169, 4
60006 data 141, 21, 208, 169, 1, 141
60007 data 41, 208, 173, 30, 193, 141
60008 data 4, 208, 173, 31, 193, 141
60009 data 5, 208, 169, 13, 141, 250
60010 data 7, 169, 0, 141, 16, 208
60011 data 169, 1, 141, 29, 193, 169
60012 data 33, 160, 193, 32, 30, 171
60013 data 173, 0, 220, 41, 15, 141
60014 data 32, 193, 173, 0, 220, 41
60015 data 16, 208, 1, 96, 173, 31
60016 data 208, 173, 32, 193, 172, 31
60017 data 193, 174, 30, 193, 173, 32





Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 6.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

60018 data 193, 201, 14, 208, 4, 136
60019 data 76, 201, 192, 173, 32, 193
60020 data 201, 13, 208, 4, 200, 76
60021 data 201, 192, 173, 32, 193, 201
60022 data 11, 208, 4, 202, 76, 201
60023 data 192, 173, 32, 193, 201, 7
60024 data 208, 4, 232, 76, 201, 192
60025 data 173, 32, 193, 201, 10, 208
60026 data 5, 202, 136, 76, 201, 192
60027 data 173, 32, 193, 201, 6, 208
60028 data 5, 136, 232, 76, 201, 192
60029 data 173, 32, 193, 201, 5, 208
60030 data 5, 232, 200, 76, 201, 192
60031 data 173, 32, 193, 201, 9, 208
60032 data 5, 202, 200, 76, 201, 192
60033 data 76, 201, 192, 32, 2, 193
60034 data 76, 234, 192, 173, 16, 208
60035 data 41, 4, 240, 10, 169, 0
60036 data 141, 16, 208, 162, 255, 76
60037 data 234, 192, 173, 16, 208, 9
60038 data 4, 141, 16, 208, 162, 0
60039 data 173, 31, 208, 41, 4, 240
60040 data 1, 96, 142, 30, 193, 140
60041 data 31, 193, 142, 4, 208, 140
60042 data 5, 208, 76, 78, 192, 96
60043 data 140, 31, 193, 72, 152, 72
60044 data 160, 0, 136, 140, 41, 208
60045 data 208, 250, 104, 168, 104, 160
60046 data 1, 141, 41, 208, 172, 31
60047 data 193, 96, 96, 1, 56, 54
60048 data 14, 147, 42, 42, 83, 84
60049 data 79, 80, 42, 42, 0, 255
60050 data 128, 0, 255, 0, 0, 254
60051 data 0, 0, 252, 0, 0, 252
60052 data 0, 0, 254, 0, 0, 231
60053 data 0, 0, 195, 128, 0, 129
60054 data 192, 0, 0, 224, 0, 0
60055 data 112, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0
60056 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60057 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60058 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60059 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60060 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60061 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
ready.


That is quite alot of data and if you do not really need the
speed, here is the BASIC version before I coded it to ML. It
does check for the MSB. The explination for this program is
also contained.




Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 7.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993


0 printchr$(5):poke53280,6:poke53281,6
Make backround and border light blue and change text to
white.

10 forx=832to832+63:ready:pokex,y:nextx
Read in sprite data into block 13 of bank 1. Bank 1 is the
default bank. We get block 13 by 832/64. If we were to use
704 to 704+64 then it would be block 11 (704/64). We use
this block number with the sprite pointer regester. We read
63 bytes from data statements and poke them into memory.

15 x=255:y=200
Set the x and y co-ordinates of the sprite.

20 v=53248     :rem set 'v' to vic adr
Set the varible 'v' to the start of VIC memory. This allows
us to address specific regesters of the vic with V+regvalue.

30 pokev+21,4  :rem enable spr 2
Regester 21 of the VIC chip is the sprite enable regester.
We poke it like this: POKE V+21, PEEK (V+21) OR (sprite
enable^2) to enable a specific sprite. Since we will be
using only sprite 3, we just poke it with a 4. This is done
by binary representation:

Sprite ->  7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
Binary ->  1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   ->255 (one byte)
Value  -> 128  64  32  16  8   4   2   1   

The 'value' for sprite 2 is 4, so we poke that into the
Sprite Enable Regester and that allows the sprite to be
visable.

40 pokev+41,1  :rem color spr 2 white
This sets the color of the sprite just as you would set the
backround or border colors. The arguments are the same. This
sets sprite 2. Each sprite has a seperate color register.
Sprite 0 has reg. 39, all the way for all 7 sprites.

50 pokev+4,x   :rem position spr 2 x
This is the X position (lower 8 bits) of sprite 2. Each
sprite has an X position and a Y position. We defined X
earlier, so we poke register 4 with the value of X, thus
placing the sprite on the visual screen.

60 pokev+5,y   :rem position spr 2 y
We must poke the Y value also.







Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 8.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

70 poke2042,13 :rem data block for spr 2
This tells the VIC chip where to get the data. This is a
block number, thus the number poked here times 64 will give
the actual starting address of the data. 13*64 = 832 and
that is where we are putting the sprite data.

80 poke53264,0 :rem 0 msb of x
This is the 9th bit of the X regester. The arguments work
like the sprite enable regester, one bit for each sprite.
Since there are more than 255 (one byte) scan lines for X,
we must provide another bit to provide for five hundered
something places. We set this to 0 because we are setting
the X position at 255. If we wanted to set X at the 256th
position, we would set bit two of this regester to 1 and the
X position regester to 0. That would give a binary value of
%100000000 which is the nine bit representation of 256.

90 i=1
Delares the variable I and sets its value to 1. This will
be used to increment the joystick control.

91 printchr$(147)"**stop**        "
Print a prompt. This will be used to stop the program. When
the pointer comes into contact with this text, the program
will end. We can check by the sprite to data collision
regester.
    
100 rem move sprite by joystick in
110 rem port 2 subroutine
We will now write a subroutine that will allow us to move
the sprite via a joystick in port 2. 

120 j=not peek(56320)and15
This peeks the CIA#1 chip (complex-interface-adapter) to get
the value of joystick 2. No need to HOW it works, just know
that it does. 

121 if((peek(56320)and16)/16)=0thenend                 
This is a test for the fire button. If it is false, 0, then
we will abort the program. Again, no need to know how it
works. (If you want to I will explain but it will confuse
you!)

122 a=peek(53279)
All this does is clear the sprite to data collision
regester. This regester is cleared when read and we need to
set it to 0 before we start anything else.








Ratastic Programming, Inc.                           page 9.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

130 ifj=1theny=y-i
140 ifj=2theny=y+i
150 ifj=4thenx=x-i
160 ifj=8thenx=x+i
170 ifj=5thenx=x-i:y=y-i
180 ifj=9theny=y-i:x=x+i
190 ifj=10thenx=x+i:y=y+i
200 ifj=6thenx=x-i:y=y+i
The above code checks for all possible joystick positions
and adjusts the x and y variables accordingly. Here is a
chart of the possible values of J:

                          1                                          
                        5    9                                       
                      4   0    8                 
                        6   10                             
                          2                                

201 ifj=0thenp=1:i=1
202 if(p/15)=int(p/15)theni=i+1
203 ifjthenp=p+1
204 ifi>5theni=5
This code adjusts the speed of the poiner if it is held down
for an extended amount of time. In line 201, we check to see
if the joystick is stationary (0 value) and if it is then we
set P (pulse-counter) to 1 and I to 1. This is the slowest
speed and is also the default. In line 202 we check if P is
a mutiple of 15 and if so then we increment I. So I will be
incremented when P reaches 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, so on until
the joystick is released. In line 203 we check if J is
non-zero (boleon logic tests...) and if it is not that means
that the joystick is being held in one direction so we
increment P. Line 204 makes sure we do not allow the
joystick to go TOO fast. The variable I cannot go over 5.
  
210 if(x<256)and(x>-1)then220
211 if(peek(53264)and4)thenpoke53264,0:x=255:goto220
212 poke53264,peek(53264)or4:x=0
This code allows us to get over the invisible LINE. Since
there are over 255 X scan lines, we must be able to move the
sprite past the 255th X position. There is a MSB regester
that works like the sprite enable regester. Follow the
logic... In line 210 we check to see if X is out of range. A
byte can only be >-1 and <256 so we check that and if X is
within range than no changing needs to be done and we
continue with 220. If X is out of range, though, we need to
fix something as we can not POKE a value greater than 255 or
less than 0. In line 211 we check (by boleon logic) to see
if the MSB is ON. We use the AND 4 at the end to strip all
bits except the 2nd binary diget. Therefore, if it is true





Ratastic Programming, Inc.                          page 10.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

we will get 4 and if it is false we will get 0. If it is
true, then we make it 0 and make X 255 and go to 220. If it
is not true, then only one other condition could be-  its
false! If it is false, then we must turn the MSB ON and make
X 0. Then the sprite will be at the 256th position. I know,
it is confusing...

220 if(peek(53279)and4)thenend
This is the sprite to data collision detect regester. The
expression peek(53279)and4 will return 0 or 4 depending on
if the sprite has touched any characters on the screen. If
it has, it will be 4, thus true. If it has not it will be 0.
If it is true then we end the program as the user moved the
sprite and touched the **STOP** prompt printed earlier.

230 pokev+4,x:pokev+5,y:goto120
Here we update the co-ordinants, thus actually moving the
sprite. We go back to 120 to get another joystick value and
we do it all over again!


60000 data 255, 128, 0, 255, 0, 0
60001 data 254, 0, 0, 252, 0, 0
60002 data 252, 0, 0, 254, 0, 0
60003 data 231, 0, 0, 195, 128, 0
60004 data 129, 192, 0, 0, 224, 0
60005 data 0, 112, 0, 0, 48, 0
60006 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60007 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60008 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60009 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60010 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
That is the data for the sprite shaped like a pointer.
    

Here is the complete uncommented program for easier typing
in. 



ready.

0 printchr$(5):poke53280,6:poke53281,6
10 forx=832to832+63:ready:pokex,y:nextx
15 x=255:y=200
20 v=53248     :rem set 'v' to vic adr
30 pokev+21,4  :rem enable spr 3
40 pokev+41,1  :rem color spr 3 white
50 pokev+4,x   :rem position spr 3 x
60 pokev+5,y   :rem position spr 3 y





Ratastic Programming, Inc.                          page 11.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

70 poke2042,13 :rem data block for spr3
80 poke53264,0 :rem 0 msb of x
90 i=1
91 printchr$(147)"**stop**        "
100 rem move sprite by joystick in
110 rem port 2 subroutine
120 j=not peek(56320)and15
121 if((peek(56320)and16)/16)=0thenend                 
122 a=peek(53279)
130 ifj=1theny=y-i
140 ifj=2theny=y+i
150 ifj=4thenx=x-i
160 ifj=8thenx=x+i
170 ifj=5thenx=x-i:y=y-i
180 ifj=9theny=y-i:x=x+i
190 ifj=10thenx=x+i:y=y+i
200 ifj=6thenx=x-i:y=y+i
201 ifj=0thenp=1:i=1
202 if(p/15)=int(p/15)theni=i+1
203 ifjthenp=p+1
204 ifi>5theni=5
210 if(x<256)and(x>-1)then220
211 if(peek(53264)and4)thenpoke53264,0:x=255:goto220
212 poke53264,peek(53264)or4:x=0
220 if(peek(53279)and4)thenend
230 pokev+4,x:pokev+5,y:goto120
60000 data 255, 128, 0, 255, 0, 0
60001 data 254, 0, 0, 252, 0, 0
60002 data 252, 0, 0, 254, 0, 0
60003 data 231, 0, 0, 195, 128, 0
60004 data 129, 192, 0, 0, 224, 0
60005 data 0, 112, 0, 0, 48, 0
60006 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60007 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60008 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60009 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
60010 data 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
ready.

















Ratastic Programming, Inc.                          page 12.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

UUENCODINGS. If you do not want to type it in, here are the
uuencodings for three programs. GFX.PTR-EXAMPL is the basic
program. BLR.SPRITE is the basic loader for the machine
language program. GFX.SPR-EDITOR is my sprite editor. Here
are the instructions for that -> type RUN and you will get a
grid. Design your sprite with astricts * on the grid. Then
go right below the grid and type RUN 100. It will draw your
sprite. If you are not satisified, then fix it with * and .
and then RUN 100 again and it will re-draw. When you are
satisfied, you can save the numbered data to a SEQ file or
have the program write data statements for you. If you want
to save it to a seq file RUN 200, to load it RUN 300. To
print out data RUN 400. When it asks you to erase the
program tell it yes. It will give you data statements and
some lines to set up the sprite. Its small, but it works and
is all I need to make awesome sprite demos like the ones
contained within this document!

begin 644 gfx.ptr-exampl
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end









Ratastic Programming, Inc.                          page 13.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

begin 644 blr.sprite
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/+"_P+"_P+"_P+"_P____
_
end




Ratastic Programming, Inc.                          page 14.
931228-0134.mls                             28 December 1993

begin 644 gfx.spr-editor
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_
end
--
Ross Martin Andrew Capdeville of Ratastic Programming, Inc.
Inet: Jiadar@delphi.com                   604 N St Patrick
      Jiadar@mintir.new-orleans.la.us     New Orleans/LA 70119
Fido: 1:396/65 The Digital Cottage        Eye of Leveta II!
A Proud Programmer of the Commodore 64/128!!!
-- The chant of a resistor: ohm... ohm... ohm...